Joining the Great Lakes at Buffalo to the Hudson River at Albany and to the Atlantic Ocean, the canal bound east to west, establishing New York City as the young nation’s economic engine and New York State as the Empire State. More than half of the original Erie Canal was destroyed or abandoned during construction of the New York State Barge Canal in the early 20th century. The Canal also helped bind the still-new nation closer to Britain and Europe. As the canal progressed, the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force. Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation in 1885 of another New York National Historic Landmark, the Adirondack Park. In the winter months his only options were the three trunk lines: the Erie Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, or the Pennsylvania Railroad.[29]. At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment, using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek.[3]. And in only eight years — with zero financial support from the federal government — New York finished the canal with uproarious celebrations. Bond of Union provides a unique perspective on America’s self-perception as an empire destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific. [2], The canal was first proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807. In 1824, before the canal was completed, a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler, Along the Line of the Canals, and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York, was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators. Political opponents to the canal and to New York Governor DeWitt Clinton denigrated it as "Clinton's Folly"[5] or "Clinton's Big Ditch". The most famous canal built in this era was the Erie Canal, which connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

The former ultimately required building the 1,320-foot (400 m) long "Great Embankment," to carry the canal at a height of 76 feet (23 m) above the level of the creek, which ran through a 245-foot (75 m) culvert underneath. [45] The Erie Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford, New York. Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents; its construction began in 1817, and it opened on October 26, 1825. There is little doubt Koeppel’s history is the most complete and well-researched to date. It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Buffalo won over Black Rock, and grew into a large city, eventually encompassing its former rival. [3] With Buffalo's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip, completed in 2008, the Canal's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats. Paperback, 978-0306818622. In 1918, the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal. [23], After the Genesee, the next obstacle was crossing the Niagara Escarpment, an 80-foot (24 m)-high wall of hard dolomitic limestone, to reach the level of Lake Erie. Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies' and gentlemen's sleeping quarters at night. The New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway was completed in 1884, as a route running closely parallel to both the canal and the New York Central Railroad. The First Enlargement was completed in 1862, with further minor enlargements in later decades. [33][3]:19[34]:267, While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome, the new canal ran through the river, which was straightened or widened where necessary. Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are officially referred to today as "Clinton's Ditch" (which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817–1825 construction).[27].

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